last chapter, I was saying from the beginning, animation, and video game design have a sort of irreducible speculative aspect, right? Because you're producing these essentially virtual representations of physical spaces, you're speculating on their own dynamics and how they work and how they look, even if you may or may not have a physical reference to it. In the last chapter, I move fully into a medium that is, admits his own speculation, right speculative design projects that basically are saying we're imagining this thing differently, whether this is like a consumer object, whether this is space, or a world or, or so forth, we're, you know, foregrounding, that we're using all these multimedia affordances to create this thing otherwise, and again, it was fascinating to see how much of the speculative design projects about the border did very little to question the assumptions about what the border spatial look like, or how it should work for. So there were a lot there's a lot of speculative design projects than in their rhetoric claim to sort of reimagine, or resist the border wall. But still, although the project is very much focused on like, how what of the wall was on library, and what of the wall was the seesaw? Or why does the wall was so and so and never go as far as like, well, if you're already speculating, and reimagining what the world is, like, why did you imagine the dissolution of the wall? Why still be so attached to that structure as the defining element of the Borderlands? And you know, the lifeworlds, of, of the Borderlands? So I think there's been enough work on this from, you know, anywhere from activists to scientists to border residents of basically saying, the border wall is not only you know, this crass symbol for nationalism, but it actually is just a physical thing that is affecting our everyday lives that is affecting the ecosystems of the border that is affecting the life of border residents and the sustainability of that space in the future. Why do we keep imagining future worlds or different worlds that still just have it at its center. So I look at a number of speculative designs and how they deal or not deal with this, one of the ones that I found that was very fascinating was called beautifying the border. And this was around 2016, when the Trump administration was doing that call for like all these design and architectural studios to send them their version of what they would build the wall as. So we remember those images of the six different prototypes. For example, this one studio architectural studio decided to really be outside of the box, in terms of what the look of it was, and say, Well, you know, any one of these is going to look ugly, on the border, because it blocks it essentially, is a huge, huge wall that it just doesn't let you see on the other side. So they're beautifying the border project was to still create a division that prevented unauthorized crossing, but they would do it underground, they would essentially create this boundary long tunnel that you couldn't see if you're standing just on the ground, you could see all the way across the horizon. But as you approach it, it basically dips underground, and then you still have to go through the usual customs, offices and so forth before you come up on the other side. And that presented a fascinating example of this sort of problem this speculating different worlds that's still just imports this Same old ideas just in a slightly different way, the main concern for that project is just the wall is not the problem, the wall is only a problem because it doesn't look cute, because it doesn't allow for you to be able to see to the other side of the, of the desert, and, and so forth. So why don't we just put that underground. But all of the negative externalities of having a border wall would still be there in terms of, you know, the loss of human life and the disruption to to natural ecosystems and so forth. So I looked at that specific project and what it's assuming and doing, and then it turned to more abstract projects. And this particular project of practicing excavating and envisioning ambos Nogales takes the case of ambos Nogales, which is Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora, as these two essentially one big metropolitan area that is divided by the by the border, but it's excavating and envisioning its practice is essentially to rethink of it, and re envisioning it from the underground. So it's very much focused on, you know, there's already all of these underground constructions. So what if we take that as a starting point to reimagine what the connection between these two novellas could look like? And so I found that particularly helpful and instructive and thinking about what is the potential of these underground constructions to get us to think differently. And what this project also does, like it doesn't become this magical utopian perspective, either, because it does acknowledge that so much of what the border looks like now, is essentially the physical remains of centuries long destruction and dispossession, right, it is, in some way already in ruins. A lot of the ecosystems are already in ruins because of what has been done for the past century or so to perpetuate the, the state boundary. So we can start from there start from the fact that we are in this moment of rumination. And how do you build from there? How do you imagine something different, acknowledging the very physical restrictions that that are happening. So I find that project to be extremely generative and thinking about it, and I think I end by saying, it's not just that it's just showing us possibilities. But it's actually pointing us to what we can do right now. Like, I think the throughout the book, I keep focusing on these big sophisticated tunnels that you know, a person can walk through a card can run through, and so forth. But there are already tons of tunnels that crossed the border, basically, because they were there before the division was created. And that is sewers, right, so much of the waste disposal across urban cross border urban areas like the two Nogales they share a lot of that waste disposal and underground sewer systems. And those are infrastructures that I'm that are in complete disrepair because of the problems with lack of cross border cooperation. And the fact that so much of the US budget goes into quote unquote, national security and not to to the mundane, simple things. So just maintaining the source, just maintaining proper waste disposal. In the 90s. It was easy to with NAFTA, it was easy to just put all the factories on the Mexican side of the border, because labor was cheaper. But then the rivers run northward. So all of the waste coming from those factories was running into the US. And without dealing as a cross border issue of how do you deal with all of that it just becomes even more damaging to the area itself. So here's an opportunity to actually deal with some border towns that that would actually help make the border more sustainable, fixing the basic infrastructure that deals with water and waste disposal at the border. And yet, all of the media focus in popular media, and mainstream rhetoric is about the sophisticated tunnels that are carting a couple kilograms of drugs across across the border. Thank you for